TNF and neoplasm: Previous studies have revealed the potential relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer and found that inflammatory mediators in cells, such as interleukin—6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), could change the tumor microenvironment and promote the proliferation, malignant transformation, and metastasis of tumor cells (Pfensig et al. 2016; Arroyo et al. 2014).