TNF and retinopathy of prematurity: While they exhibit anti-oxidative effects, they have also been shown to suppress pathological angiogenesis by inhibiting expression of angiogenic factors and/or apoptotic factors like NOS3, VEGF, IL-6, IGF-1, and TNF which are hub genes in our analysis that encode for factors that are normally elevated in the serum and vitreous of ROP infants (45–50).