According to studies on toxicity effects of MPS/NPS on gut microbiota, we suggest that major mechanisms that may be recruited by probiotics against MPS/NPS, are enhancement of the intestinal epithelial barrier, production of various cytokines and chemokines from dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, granulocytes, and intestinal epithelial cells, and IgA-producing cells and consequent IgA secretion, colonization and normalization of perturbed intestinal microbial communities (147, 148). This evidence concerns the gene CD79A and mucopolysaccharidosis.