TNF and Stroke: In addition, A. muciniphila may inhibit the production of TNF-α and free radicals by interacting with TLRs in intestinal epithelial cells, which is associated with the reduction of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels, positively impacting post-stroke recovery (Akhoundzadeh et al., 2018; Zhong et al., 2021).