PPARGC1A and ischemia: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) plays a central role in protective mechanisms and mitochondrial biogenesis during ischemia-induced stress, and stress-inducing molecules such as ROS promote the expression of PGC-1α, which protects neurons from oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of antioxidant proteins and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis to reduce differences in oxygen release before and after cerebral ischemia (Abu Shelbayeh et al., 2023).