Similarly, Pulshiper et al studied 70 patients and found that levels of S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12) were increased in CRSsNP compared to CRSwNP and were correlated to LMK-CT scores but not to the rhinosinusitis disability index, a quality of life score.58 Clear CRS inclusion criteria were not specified and healthy controls included patients with nasal obstruction with associated quality of life implications. Here, S100A12 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.