Among 19 studies on HBsAg-negative and anti-HBc-positive patients, there were 6 on blood donors, 4 on patients with chronic hepatitis C infection, 3 on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 2 on patients on hemodialysis, one on healthcare workers (HCWs), and one on each of the following: patients with hematological malignancies, HIV patients, and patients with liver cirrhosis. The gene discussed is KRT88P; the disease is chronic hepatitis C virus infection.