Lung inflammation and lung fibrosis were also significantly enhanced in Cars2+/− mice versus WT mice, as assessed by the amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (Fig. 10d–g). Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.