This assumption about the protective effect of TLR4 was also supported by the work of Lee et al. who demonstrated autophagy is suppressed by TLR4 activation through inhibition of FOXO3.43 In addition, autophagy is essential to NETosis and the profibrogenic effect of NETs on fibroblast as well.44,45 Recently, we found autophagy contributes to pathogenic fibrosis after myocardium infarction (MI), which is induced by NETs (data not shown). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is myocardial infarction.