TNF and neoplasm: TAMs can enhance hypoxic and aerobic glycolysis in mouse subcutaneous tumours and in patients with NSCLC by secreting tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), whereas increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) co-activator 1-α levels in TAMs facilitate tumour hypoxia [9, 60].