INS and colitis: After DSS withdrawal, the FMT (control) (mice that received the control microbiota) and FMT (DSS + insulin) (mice transplanted with the microbiota from the insulin-treated DSS group) groups exhibited improvements in colitis, as shown by rapid body weight recovery, longer colon lengths and reduced DAI scores (Fig. 4H–K), compared to the FMT (DSS + PBS) (mice transplanted with the microbiota from PBS-treated DSS group) group.