INS and inflammatory bowel disease: Recently, studies have found that insulin, the only pharmacotherapy that can directly lower blood glucose levels through stimulation of glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissues [7, 8], can have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction independent of a decrease in glucose concentrations [9–11], indicating that insulin could be applied in other inflammatory conditions, including IBD.