CD163, CCL5, HMOX1, C15orf48, AQP9, SPP1, FMO3, TM4SF18, FCN1, CD52, STMN2, S100A8, IBSP, APOC1, MMP12, CXCL8, CD48, IL1RN and S100A9 were up-regulated in CAVD and levels were increased more in men (Fig. 5E). Here, CCL5 is linked to congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.