CSF1 and Huntington disease: Because colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is a crucial growth factor for monocyte survival and differentiation, (26, 27), we measured and found elevated circulating CSF-1 in patients with SCD compared with that in HD (Figure 1A, 2-fold, P < 0.05, Supplemental Table 1; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI172087DS1) and in the Townes mouse model of SCD (sickle mice) relative to that in control mice (Figure 1B, 1.7-fold, P = 0.002).