This is consistent with previous research at the dementia stage which demonstrated that GFAP is elevated in both AD and Lewy body disease, though not in progressive supranuclear palsy or frontotemporal dementias (Chouliaras et al., 2022), with the exception of progranulin-associated cases (Heller et al., 2020); the latter aetiologies were excluded from these cohorts, and so these results may not translate to all MCI subtypes beyond MCI-AD and MCI-LB. This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and Lewy body dementia.