EGF and hypospadias: EGF receptor increases keratinocyte proliferation and cell migration leading to re-epithelialization in wound healing [11]. EGF is crucial for urethral and penile development, and is deficient in the skin adjacent to the urethra in boys with hypospadias, a congenital urethral defect [12,13,14]. The addition of EGF improves urothelial cell healing in an in vitro model of bladder injury repair [15].