The striking absence of gsc expression in the mandibular and hyoid arches of apcmcr larvae is reminiscent of the human neurocristopathy SAMS (short stature, auditory-canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia, and skeletal abnormalities) that has been associated with GSC mutations [58] and is consistent with knockout data in mice showing that gsc is required for craniofacial development [59,60]. This evidence concerns the gene GSC and short stature-auditory canal atresia-mandibular hypoplasia-skeletal anomalies syndrome.