The potential therapeutic mechanism of action of TEST is unclear; however, the potential for a neurotrophic effect without inducing seizures is suggested by a study finding that 10 min of daily (for 10 days) subconvulsive electrical stimulation using a deep brain stimulator induced increases in dorsal hippocampus BDNF levels that are comparable to those induced by daily ECS in a rat chronic mild stress model of depression [180]. The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is major depressive disorder.