VEGFA and cancer: An important candidate target pair, comprising soluble and membrane-bound targets, for bi-specific antibody therapy would be vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1): VEGF, when overexpressed, inhibits immune cell activity and promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, angiogenesis and the formation of abnormal vasculature, whereas PDL1, which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells, is an immune checkpoint molecule that inhibits the immune response against tumors cells by interacting with the PD1 receptor that is expressed on immune cell membranes.