TNF and hereditary elliptocytosis: In the TAA-induced HE model, oral treatment with this drug improved learning, memory, and neuroplasticity in mice through the increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin levels.68The rescue of cognitive functions can be explained, at least in part, by the tadalafil-induced reduction in astrocytic and microglial activation, as well as decreased TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.68