PARP9 and COVID-19: PARPs 9, 11, and 13 are up-regulated in the lung of a deceased COVID-19 patient [116], and in broncho-alveolar gavage fluid of infected patients, PARP 9 is up-regulated by ∼ 4-fold whereas PARPs 12 and 14 are up-regulated by ≥ 2-fold [115].