In this regard, targeting vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), overexpressed by endothelial cells subjected to high oxidative stress, has proven to be an effective strategy to increase brain drug delivery in a rat model of ischemic stroke (Liu H. et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and ischemic stroke.