Moreover, the present known mechanisms of TCMI-induced ARs (Figure 1) include the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, which leads to heightened vascular permeability (Han et al., 2018), activation of the complement system (Galli et al., 2020), and stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors on mast cells (MC), which directly stimulates mast cell degranulation (Yuan et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene RHOA and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.