IGHE and neoplasm: Functionally speaking, IL-12 induces the differentiation of Th1 cells; increases the activation and cytotoxicity of NK and T lymphocytes; inhibits or reprograms immunosuppressive cells, such as MDSCs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); upregulates the expression of MHC-I and MHC-II on tumor cells to enhance recognition and lysis; suppresses IgE production but enhances IgG production by B cells; and shows anti-angiogenic effects (130) (Figure 3A).