Elevated TGF-β production in PBMCs from patients with HIV/TB co-infection than from healthy controls was also observed, and high level of TGF-β in HIV patients might be a reason for defective MTB-specific IL-1β, IL-2 production and activation of latent TB in HIV (Devalraju et al., 2019). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is coinfection.