A previous study found that plasma TNF-α level decreased significantly within one week’s treatment in HIV/TB co-infected patients who respond well to anti-TB treatment (Hsieh et al., 1999), while other studies reported an increase in plasma TNF-α level in patients with severe TB following seven days of anti-TB treatment, which was associated with clinical deterioration (Bekker et al., 1998; Eum et al., 2010). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is tuberculosis.