Fang et al. from Shanghai found that F. nucleatum could activate IncRNA ENO1-IT1 transcription to promote CRC initiation and development and activates the autophagic pathway to promote CRC chemoresistance,67,68 while enterotoxigenic B. fragilis promotes Th17 cell differentiation through downregulation of miR-149-3p. The gene discussed is ENO1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.