CD274 and neoplasm: M13 bacteriophage binds to F. nucleatum and transforms into M13@Ag, improving the tumor immune microenvironment and inhibiting the proliferation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells; it acts with the immunosuppressive agent PD-L1 or chemotherapeutic agents to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice significantly.42 Intestinal bacteriophages have potential applications in screening CRC-related biomarkers and treating drug resistance associated with anti-tumor therapy.