The LASSO regression algorithm identified three biomarkers as demonstrated in Fig. 5A. By contrast, the RF algorithm determined four potential biomarkers based on their importance, depicted in Fig. 5B, C. Moreover, the SVM-RFE analysis showed that a model involving two genes achieved the highest accuracy, as illustrated in Fig. 5D. By comparing the results of these three algorithms, a single potential biomarker, IL11, was identified as a shared biomarker for both kidney stones and diabetes (as demonstrated in Fig. 5E). Here, IL11 is linked to diabetes mellitus.