TNF and diabetic cardiomyopathy: Hyperglycemia also triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (1 TGF-β1), which leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, promoting the occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy [42].