TNF and oral mucositis: In the murine model of 5-FU-induced oral mucositis, Bertolini et al. [37] observed macroscopic/microscopic lesions and elevated proinflammatory cytokine activity such as, NF-κB, IL-1B, TNFα, CXCL1/KC, GM-CSF, and IL-6, with neutrophil infiltration.