5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and GEM have been demonstrated to enhance anti-tumor immunity by increasing tumor-associated antigens and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production while reducing regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and immunosuppressive cytokines, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) [43, 44]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.