CCK and inflammatory bowel disease: Furthermore, the conclusion can be drawn that flavonoids may safeguard against IBD by regulating enterohormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors), ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK), a possible mechanism of flavonoids protecting/ shielding against IBD [119].