ESM1 and carcinoma: In this paper, based on the IHC detection of ESM1 protein expression in clinical samples, related pathological parameters, and prognostic information, and combined with the assay of public tumor database, including TCGA and TNMpolter databases, and in vitro assays, we initially revealed that the expression of ESM1 was upregulated in CSCC, related to a dismal clinical outcome, and involved in signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and carcinoma angiogenesis.