NES and Alzheimer disease: Similarly, the key to ginsenoside Rb1 regulating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is to increase the levels of biomarkers such as Nestin (marking NSC), GFAP (marking astrocytes) and NSE in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat models, and promote NSC proliferation and differentiation into astrocytes and neurons (Zhao et al., 2018).