GSK3B and Cognitive impairment: Ginseng total saponins extract and its intestinal metabolite 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) jointly induce the phosphorylation of GSK-3β (ser9), activate the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway to promote NSC proliferation and differentiation, thereby improving cognitive impairment in AD by replacing damaged neurons (Lin et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2022).