TNF and acute pancreatitis: The anti-inflammatory effect of fucoidan was demonstrated in recent studies, in which fucoidan significantly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and the cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β upon LPS stimulation of macrophages (Jeong et al., 2017) and reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and ICAM-1 in murine acute pancreatitis and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rat model (Carvalho et al., 2014; Aleissa et al., 2020; Zahan et al., 2022).