MAPK3 and Insulin resistance: CO total iridoid glycosides can effectively reduce insulin levels in mice, thus reducing blood lipids and improving insulin resistance (Liu et al., 2016).These iridoid glycosides notably improved insulin resistance in DM mice and decreased the expression levels of p-ERK1/2, p-P65, p-P38, and p-JNK1/2 proteins in liver tissues (Kitada et al., 2016).