MAPK1 and ovarian cancer: BPA induced activation of MAPK andERK1/2 pathways in human ovarian cancer cells, promoting proliferation.41 In human colon adenocarcinoma cells, BPA significantlypromoted proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner via activationof the ERK pathway.26 In addition, BPAhas been linked to increased apoptosis in leukemia cell lines.5