RT-qPCR (Figure 6A), immunohistochemistry (Figure 6B) and western blot (Figure 6C) results showed that Fe3O4 exposure significantly increased ASK1 and JNK mRNA levels and increased total and phosphorylated ASK1 and JNK protein levels in mice brains, while PDA and MSC membrane modification significantly restored ASK1 and JNK levels, especially in the MSCM-Fe3O4@PDA group. Here, MAP3K5 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.