Notably, downregulation of several oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related proteins, including ATP synthase subunits and cytochromes, has been demonstrated in the temporal cortex of women with AD and cerebrovascular disease (93).  Furthermore, in women, ERβ is associated with the mitochondria in the frontal cortex, and mitochondrial-localized ERβ proteins are decreased in the frontal cortex of women with AD (91). This evidence concerns the gene ESR2 and Alzheimer disease.