The study’s results indicated that pre-pregnancy diabetes requiring insulin treatment, followed by T2DM and, to a lesser extent, GDM when combined with an elevated BMI, were associated with an increased risk of mood abnormalities and intellectual impairment in the offspring (43).Furthermore, it has been suggested that elevated peripheral insulin levels can worsen insulin resistance, which has also been linked to depressive phenotypes (156). Here, INS is linked to Cognitive impairment.