In ox-LDL-HUVEC-EVs, lncRNA MALAT1 promoted AS by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and NETs (191, 192); LncRNA ZEB1-AS1 promoted endothelial injuries in AS by competitively binding to miR-590-5p (193); LINC01005 promoted VSMC phenotype switch through miR-128-3p/KLF4 axis in the development of AS (194); lncRNA CLDN10-AS1 promoted endothelial injuries by sponging miR-186 (195). This evidence concerns the gene KLF4 and aortic stenosis.