For NDUFS1 as diagnostic or therapeutic target, a near-infrared (NIR) small-molecule fluorophore dye IR-34, directly cleaves NDUFS1 and disrupts electron transporting in the respiratory chain, could be a potentially useful multifunctional theranostic agent for cancer cell targeting, NIR imaging, and therapeutic ER stress inducing (Wang et al., 2018). The gene discussed is NDUFS1; the disease is cancer.