Analyzing the subsets of these factors highly expressed by PV001-DV’s infection of PBMCs, several of the known tumor apoptosis-inducing factors such as TNF-a, IL-12p70, are observed to overcome tumor evasion mechanisms, and IL-2 is observed to be synergistic with anti-CTLA-4 therapy [57–60]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.