Together, S100A8/A9 limits pneumococcal outgrowth in focal pneumonia by chelation of divalent cations, which in turn limits pneumolysin-driven release of neutrophil-derived NE and subsequent NE-dependent degradation of surfactant proteins, thus favoring survival of pneumococcal pneumonia (Fig 10). Here, IGKV1D-22 is linked to pneumococcal pneumonia.