ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These findings illustrate the interplay between obesity and inflammation for atrial arrhythmogenesis and go in hand with Kim et al. [35] who found patients in the highest quartile of plasma adiponectin were more likely to be older and have greater LA volume index and high circulating adiponectin is independently associated with RAF after CA and with Guo et al. [36] who revised 6 cohort studies and found higher baseline circulating adiponectin may be an independent risk factor for the development of new-onset AF during follow-up.