TGFB1 and neoplasm: It possesses a lysine residue in its transmembrane domain which allows it to couple with the ITAM domains of adapter proteins DAP12 and FcRγ to activate downstream Syk and ERK/Akt in osteoclasts and myeloid cells (10), a pathway that can be exploited by tumor cells to promote TGFβ secretion in adjacent tumor-associated macrophages (16).