TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Nevertheless, ginseng was associated with lower IL-6 levels (GRADE level: very low) and higher TNF-α levels (GRADE level: very low) than placebo, but had no effect on CRP (GRADE level: very low), lipocalin (GRADE level: very low) or leptin levels (GRADE level: very low) in patients with prediabetes and T2DM patients (Naseri et al., 2022).