TNF and Mycobacterium infection: It has to be taken into account that studies on neutrophil cytokine expression against mycobacterial infections in ruminants are scarce, particularly against Map, but the data here in obtained were enough to show a proinflammatory pattern in cytokine expression, that could modulate the local immune response in the early phases (2–12 h) of the disease, as abundant neutrophils have been identified in the first hours of Map infection in the bovine ileum, as well as an increase in both TNF and IL-1β [28].