DDIT3 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: For example, one study found that in patients with DCM with FBXO32 (MAFbx, Atrogin-1) mutations, UPR activity was reduced as well as the expression of target genes, and CHOP TFs were upregulated, which can lead to CHOP-associated apoptosis of cardiomyocytes [51].