Inflammatory mediators activate diverse inflammation pathways such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways which can interfere with insulin tyrosine phosphorylation leading to the development of IR and ultimately T2D (Coope et al. 2016). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.