BMI: body mass index, ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, DM: diabetes mellitus, HTN: hypertension, CCB: calcium channel blocker, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, EF: ejection fraction, mitral reg: mitral regurgitation, TR: tricuspid regurgitation, aortic st: aortic stenosis, aortic reg: aortic regurgitation, CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CAG: coronary angiography, PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Here, ACE is linked to Hypertension.