Comparison of biomarkers from pre-infection to post ART-suppression, including correction for multiple comparisons, showed increased plasma levels of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines MCP-1/CCL2 and IP-10 secreted by monocyte/macrophages and other cell types in response to HIV infection (27, 28) or stimulation by cytokines (29), and CRP, a marker of inflammation associated with infections, cancers, auto-immunity or tissue damage. Here, CCL2 is linked to HIV infectious disease.